Lying just beneath everyday reality
is a breathtaking world,
where much of what we perceive about the universe is wrong.
Physicist and best-selling author Brian Greene takes you
on a journey that bends the rules of human experience.
BRIAN GREENE: Why don't we ever see events unfold in reverse order?
According to the laws of physics, this can happen.
It's a world that comes to light
as we probe the most extreme realms of the cosmos,
from black holes to the Big Bang
to the very heart of matter itself.
I'm going to have what he's having.
Here, empty space teems with ferocious activity.
Our universe may be one of many,
and the three-dimensional world merely a mirage.
GREENE: But how could this be?
How could we be so wrong about something so familiar?
Does it bother us?
Absolutely.
There's no principle
built into the laws of nature
that say that theoretical physicists have to be happy.
It's a game-changing perspective
that opens up a whole new world of possibilities.
Coming up...
GREENE: Look around any train station,
and you can see how time rules our lives.
But time is not what it seems.
There may be no distinction
between past, present, and future.
GREENE: If time isn't what we all think it is,
then what is it?
Did it have a beginning?
Will it have an end?
Where did it come from?
"The Illusion of Time"
on "The Fabric of the Cosmos," right now on NOVA.
Subtitles downloaded from www.OpenSubtitles.org
Major funding for NOVA is provided by the followin BRIAN GREENE: "Once upon a time."
That magical phrase at the beginning of every good story.
But what is the story of time?
People say that time flies, that time is money,
we waste time, we kill time, we try to save time.
But what do we really know about time?
Well, like this river, time seems to flow endlessly
from one moment to the next.
And the flow of time seems to always be in one direction:
toward the future.
But that may not be right.
Discoveries over the last century
have shown that much of what we think about time
may be nothing more than an illusion.
Contrary to everyday experience, time may not flow at all.
Our past may not be gone.
Our future may already exist.
It turns out time itself can speed up or slow down.
And events that we think can unfold in only one direction
can also unfold in reverse.
But how could this be?
How could we be so wrong about something so familiar?
And if time isn't what we all think it is, then what is it?
Did it have a beginning?
Will it have an end?
Where did it come from?
JANNA LEVIN: We'd like to corner time as a thing,
but it defies that completely by being momentary,
by only having definitions that hearken back to the notion
of time itself.
Time is the thing that everyone knows intimately
until you ask them to tell you about it.
ALAN GUTH: "What is time?" is really
the $64,000 question to physics.
There's basically no aspect of time
which I feel we really fully understand.
GREENE: So how do you begin to unlock a mystery
as deep and elusive as time?
Well, one way is to measure it.
And using clocks of all different shapes, sizes,
and kinds, we've been measuring time
with ever-greater accuracy for thousands of years.
The first clock was one that you could say ticks just once a day:
the rotating Earth.
From the repetition of our planet's daily rotation
on its axis
to its yearly orbit around the sun,
we have always used the predictable,
consistent motion of the Earth to measure time.
We're always looking for things that repeat over and over again,
and that repetition, that cycle of things, forms a clock.
That's all time becomes is some repetitive process.
GREENE: Measuring the Earth's motion with a sundial,
we divided the day into hours.
WILLIAM PHILLIPS: The Earth rotates once a day,
and we tick off the days
by looking at the rising and the setting of the sun.
GREENE: With the swing of a pendulum,
we divided hours into minutes and seconds.
With the vibration of a quartz crystal,
we improved accuracy to the thousandths of a second.
But the National Institute of Standards and Technology
in Colorado is the place to go
if you really want to know what time it is.
STEVE JEFFERTS: This is U.S. official time.
It doesn't get any more accurate than this.
GREENE: Here, they measure time with mind-boggling accuracy
using one of the smallest objects in the universe:
an atom of a rare metal called cesium.
PHILLIPS: Atoms have a natural frequency.
And anything that vibrates,
that is giving you repetitive motion, can be a clock.
The frequency at which the cesium atom ticks
is the official timekeeper for the world.
GREENE: When a cesium atom is bombarded with energy,
it vibrates, or ticks, giving off pulses of light
over nine billion times a second.
JEFFERTS: We count the ticks of the cesium atom.
And the cesium atom ticks
at this 9,192,631,770 ticks in a second.
And so every time you count up to that number,
one second has gone by.
And you get one second after one second,
after one second after one second.
PHILLIPS: This is just astounding.
My watch gains or loses a second every couple of months.
We're talking about clocks that would only gain or lose a second
in 100 million years.
And that kind of story, where we take one measure of time
and replace it with something that we decide is more accurate,
has been the constant reform process of physics
over hundreds of years.
GREENE: But no matter how accurate our clocks have become,
time remains a mystery.
Clocks can tell us what time it is,
but they haven't been able to tell us what time itself is.
What is it we're actually measuring?
We may not know what time is,
but the experience of the passage of time
is a fundamental part of our lives.
We're always thinking about time, remembering the past,
making plans for the future,
living our lives within time's constant tick, tick, tick.
I mean, look around any train station
and you can see how time rules our lives.
What may not be so obvious
is that the rise of train travel played a key role
in one of the most startling discoveries about time.
(train horn blowing)
Tickets, please, sir.
Train running on time?
Yes, sir.
Thank you.
GREENE: In the early days of train travel,
time posed a unique problem.
Back then, each town set their own particular time.
Noon was when the sun was directly overhead,
you know, more or less.
And what time it was in another city,
well, you know, that hardly mattered.
And to complicate things even further,
trains would carry the time of the city
where they began their journey.
So, if I was going from Paris to Geneva,
I would be on Paris time the whole way,
since that's where I started.
But were I going the other direction, from Geneva to Paris,
I'd be on Geneva time.
PETER GALISON: And as you began to have more and more train lines crossing,
and more and more different times
located at that interchange,
it became a nightmare of confusion.
GREENE: The need to coordinate clocks over great distances
became a huge issue,
especially when the cities were connected by a single track.
And here's where the modern story of time begins.
As the need for synchronized clocks
became ever more critical,
a young physicist named Albert Einstein
took a job at the patent office in Bern, Switzerland.
GALISON: It was a ringside seat
to all of the great inventions of the time.
The patents showed how new and exciting ways
to synchronize clocks with the exchange of telegraph signals,
clocks that were synchronized by radio waves,
all made the synchronization of time, and what time was,
and how it was measured,
something immediately important and exciting for Einstein.
GREENE: Einstein would soon shake up the world
with a radical insight into the nature of time.
And these mechanical devices provided unexpected inspiration.
Einstein realized that these attempts to synchronize clocks--
they were much more than merely creative inventions.
Instead, he realized that they were revealing a deep crack
in our understanding of time itself.
Most people view time
in a pretty simple, straightforward way.
Time ticks the same for everyone everywhere.
It's a common-sense picture
established by the father of modern science, Isaac Newton.
JIM GATES: Time for Isaac Newton is something that is
an immutable property of the universe.
Time always changes at the same rate.
Time just goes along,
and there's really nothing we can do about it.
GREENE: Sensible as Newton's picture of time may seem,
Einstein realized it wasn't right.
He discovered that time could run at different rates.
As strange as it sounds,
this means that time for me may not be the same
as time for you.
Einstein's discovery smashed Newton's conception of reality.
Einstein says that time is not just a label
on the whole universe;
time is experienced individually.
What Einstein gave us is a much, much richer picture
where everybody has their own private time,
which runs at their own private rates.
There isn't time in a sense of a universal tick-tock;
there were times.
GREENE: Einstein came to this shocking revelation
by uncovering a hidden connection
between space and time.
What Einstein figured out is that there's a profound link
between motion through space and the passage of time.
Roughly speaking,
the more you have of one, the less you have of the other.
To see how this works, let's take a little ride.
Right now, I'm heading due north at 60 miles an hour.
And that means all my motion is in the northward direction.
But let's now turn onto a different road
and head northwest.
I'm still going 60 miles an hour,
but I'm not making as much progress toward the north
as I was a minute ago.
And that's because some of my northward motion
has been diverted, or shared with my westward motion.
Einstein realized that time and space are linked
in much the same way that north and west are.
And with this surprising insight,
Einstein would overthrow the common-sense idea
that time ticks the same for everyone.
Here's what I mean.
That guy over there would say that I'm not moving at all.
But I am.
I may not be moving through space,
but I am moving through time.
I mean, after all, my watch just keeps on ticking
and ticking.
And as long as I'm standing still--
that is, not moving through space--
Einstein said that all of my motion is through time.
But look what happens if I walk toward that guy.
We've exaggerated it, but because I'm now in motion,
he'll perceive my watch ticking slower.
That's because from his perspective,
some of my previous motion through time is being diverted
into my motion through space.
And it's not just my watch.
If we really exaggerate the effect,
he'd perceive all my movement, my voice,
everything about me slowing down.
And now that I've stopped moving,
the passage of time on our watches once again agrees.
This was Einstein's key insight:
that motion through space affects the passage of time.
DAVID KAISER: It's mind-blowing that you and I will not agree
on measurements of time.
Isn't time separate from us, right?
Why should my measurement of time depend on how I am moving,
or how you're moving?
That doesn't make any sense.
Time itself is running more slowly
for the person who's moving.
That's amazing.
No one before Einstein ever imagined
that that sort of thing would happen.
That was uniquely Einstein.
GREENE: So why don't we ever see this in everyday life?
Well, at the slow speeds we move here on Earth,
motion's impact on time is so tiny, we don't experience it.
But the effect is real and can be measured.
To do this, all you need are a couple of atomic clocks
and a jet airplane.
And this experiment was carried out in 1971
when scientists flew an atomic clock around the world
and then compared it to one on the ground.
As Einstein predicted, the two clocks no longer agreed.
They differed by only a few hundred billionths of a second,
but very real proof
of motion's effect on the passage of time.
PHILLIPS: Einstein's theory has been tested again
and again and again.
And it all hangs together.
It really forms the basis
for the way we understand much of the way nature works.
These effects, which used to be considered
sort of obscure and very small,
are very in-your-face with today's technology.
GREENE: With the discovery of this unexpected link
between space and time, Einstein realized that the two
could no longer be thought of as separate things.
Instead, space and time are fused together
in what came to be called "spacetime."
Einstein unified the idea of space with the idea of time
into this four-dimensional structure called "spacetime."
GREENE: And this fusion of space and time would lead Einstein
to perhaps the most mind-bending realization of all:
The sharp difference we see between past,
present, and future may only be an illusion.
In our day-to-day lives,
we experience time as a continuous flow.
But it can also be useful to think of time
as a series of snapshots or moments,
and everything that happens
can be thought of as the unfolding of moment
after moment
after moment.
And if we picture all moments, or snapshots, lined up--
every moment here on Earth,
every moment of Earth orbiting the sun,
and every moment throughout the entire universe--
we would see every event that has ever happened
or will ever happen.
Every location in space, and each and every moment in time,
from the birth of our universe at the Big Bang
some 14 billion years ago
to the formation of stars in the Milky Way galaxy,
to the creation of Earth 4 1/2 billion years ago,
to the time of the dinosaurs,
to events happening on Earth today,
like me working in my office.
Thinking about spacetime like this
led Einstein to overturn our everyday picture
of past, present, and future.
To get a feel for this, you have to think
about the seemingly simple concept of "now."
For me, a list of things
that I consider to be happening right now might include
the tick of noon on my office clock,
my cat just now jumping from the windowsill,
things happening far away
like a pigeon in Venice taking flight at this very moment,
a meteor just now hitting the moon...
and the explosion of a star at the far reaches of the universe.
These and all other events that I think are happening
at the same moment in time,
but in different regions of our universe,
make up what I intuitively think of as "now."
You can picture them as lying on a single slice of spacetime.
Let's call it a "now slice."
Common sense would say that you and I and everyone else
will agree on what's happening, or what exists, right now,
moment after moment after moment.
That is, we would all agree
on what lies on a given "now slice."
But Einstein showed that,
strangely, when you take motion into account,
this common-sense picture of time goes out the window.
To see what I mean, think of spacetime as a loaf of bread.
Einstein realized that just as there are different ways
to cut a loaf of bread into individual slices,
there are different ways to cut spacetime
into individual now slices.
That is, because motion affects the passage of time,
someone who is moving will have a different conception
of what's happening right now,
and so they'll cut the loaf into different now slices.
Their slices will be at a different angle.
That person who's moving will... will tilt the knife,
will be carving out these slices at a different angle.
They won't be parallel to my slices of time.
To get a feel for the bizarre effect this can have,
imagine an alien, here,
in a galaxy ten billion light-years from Earth.
And way over there on Earth, the guy at the gas station.
Now, if the two are sitting still-
not moving in relation to one other-
their clocks tick off time at the same rate,
and so they share the same now slices,
which cut straight across the loaf.
But watch what happens if the alien hops on his bike
and rides directly away from Earth.
Since motion slows the passage of time,
their clocks will no longer tick off time at the same rate.
And if their clocks no longer agree,
their now slices will no longer agree either.
The alien's now slice cuts through the loaf differently.
It's angled towards the past.
GREENE: Since the alien is biking at a leisurely pace,
his slice is angled to the past by only a miniscule amount.
But across such a vast distance,
that tiny angle results in a huge difference in time.
So what the alien would find on his angled now slice--
what he considers as happening right now on Earth--
no longer includes our friend at the gas station
or even 40 years earlier, when our friend was a baby.
Amazingly, the alien's now slice has swept back
through 200 years of Earth history
and now includes events
that we consider part of the distant past, like...
(classical music)
Beethoven finishing the fifth symphony.
KAISER: Even at a relatively slow speed,
we can have actually tremendous disagreements
on our labeling of now, what happens at the same time,
if we're spread out far enough in space.
And if that's not strange enough,
the direction you move makes a difference, too.
Watch what happens when the alien turns around
and bikes toward Earth.
The alien's new now slice is angled toward the future,
and so it includes events that won't happen on Earth
for 200 years,
perhaps our friend's great-great-great granddaughter
teleporting from Paris to New York.
Once we know that your now can be what I consider the past,
or your now can be what I consider the future,
and your now is every bit as valid as my now,
then we learn that the past must be real.
The future must be real.
They could be your now.
That means past, present, future: all equally real.
They all exist.
SEAN CARROLL: If you believe the laws of physics,
there's just as much reality to the future and the past
as there is to the present moment.
The past is not gone,
and the future isn't non-existent.
The past, the future, and the present are all existing
in exactly the same way.
Just as we think of all of space as being "out there,"
we should think of all of time as being "out there," too.
Everything that has ever happened, or will happen.
It all exists.
GREENE: From Leonardo da Vinci
laying the final brushstroke on the Mona Lisa
to the signing of the Declaration of Independence,
to your first day at school,
to events that from our perspective are yet to happen,
like the first humans landing on Mars.
With this bold insight,
Einstein shattered one of the most basic concepts
of how we experience time.
"The distinction between past, present, and future,"
he once said, "is only an illusion, however persistent."
But if every moment in time already exists,
then how do we explain the very real feeling that time,
like this river, seems to endlessly rush forward?
Well, maybe we've been deceived, and time does not flow.
Perhaps the river of time is more like a frozen river
with every moment forever locked in place.
ALBERT: The most vivid example about the way the world is
has to do with this flow of time.
Physics does radical violence
to this everyday experience of time.
LEVIN: Our entire experience of time is constantly in the present.
And all we ever grasp is that instant moment.
TEGMARK: There is nothing in the laws of physics
that picks out one now over any other now.
And it's just from our subjective viewpoints
that it feels like things are changing.
GREENE: Just the way an entire movie exists on a reel of celluloid,
think of all moments of time as already existing, too.
The difference is that in the movies,
a projector lights up or selects each frame as it goes by.
But there's nothing in the laws of physics
that selects one moment over another.
Our brains may create this impression, but in reality,
the flow of time really may be nothing more than an illusion.
But if time, like this frozen river, does not flow,
and all of time is "out there,"
is it possible to travel to the future or the past?
BOARDING ANNOUNCEMENT: Now departing for 50 years in the future, Flight 24.
GREENE: And if we could time travel,
would it be anything like what we imagine?
"Catapult you through time into a world that has yet to be&"
"The Time Travelers!"
"Suppose something goes wrong with the time machine again?"
"Throw the switch, Jed!"
"Could we go anywhere we want at any time?"
"We're going to attempt time travel."
GREENE: No one outside of Hollywood
has made a working time machine just yet.
But surprisingly, time travel might be possible.
BOARDING ANNOUNCEMENT: Now boarding, flight 24 to Black Hole Cygnus X-1.
One way to travel through time
is to make use of a strange feature of gravity.
The familiar force that keeps our feet planted to the ground
can have a profound impact on time.
Hi. Hello.
See you later, sir.
Right, much later.
GREENE: So how can gravity be used to make a time machine?
Well Einstein's theories show that gravity, like motion,
can affect time.
It's as if gravity can pull on time, slowing its passage.
And the stronger the gravitational pull,
the more time slows.
Here on Earth, the effect is too small to notice,
but still very real.
Compared to someone living on the top floor of a skyscraper,
someone living on the bottom
experiences time elapsing a little slower
because gravity is just a tiny bit stronger
closer to the ground.
But if you could travel to a black hole,
the effect of gravity on time would be huge.
Formed when large stars collapse in on themselves,
black holes have immense gravitational pull,
millions and even billions of times stronger than the Earth's.
And if someone watched you travel close to a black hole,
they'd see time for you slow down dramatically.
LEVIN: You near that black hole will appear to your friend far away
to be moving slowly, talking slowly,
biologically aging slowly.
To them years are passing, while for you it might be minutes.
GREENE: So depending on the black hole's size and how close I get,
if I spend an hour or two in orbit...
something like 50 years will have passed back on Earth.
I will have traveled to Earth's future.
Hello, sir.
Hi.
Long time, no see.
Time travel becomes you.
Thank you.
Kind of like a fountain of youth.
So when I return, I'll find myself in the future.
Everyone else will have aged 50 years,
but me, I'll have aged only a couple of hours.
Now, time travel to the future is one thing.
But what about time travel to the past?
Well, that might be possible too,
using something predicted by Einstein's equations
known as a wormhole.
If wormholes exist,
they would be kind of like shortcuts through spacetime,
tunnels that would link not just one place with another,
but also one moment with another.
A wormhole would connect
one part in spacetime to another part in spacetime
which is at an earlier time,
like a sort of subway system through time.
So let's say I wanted to go back in time
and meet myself at the beginning of this program.
If a wormhole connected here and there,
all I'd need to do is step through.
Hey, good to see you again.
Thanks, good to be back.
Well, that would be kind of weird,
but the real problem with time travel to the past
is that things would get pretty confusing pretty quickly.
I mean, imagine I were to change something about my past,
like preventing my parents from meeting.
Would that mean I'd never be born?
If you do travel to the past, you can't change things
that we know are true about the past
because they already happened.
So if you go back
and kill who you thought was your grandpa,
that must have been some other guy
you thought was your grandfather,
and everything must somehow become
beautifully self-consistent,
even if it's in a twisted way.
GREENE: And if you can travel to the past,
why haven't we been overrun by tourists from the future?
I mean, think about it.
We haven't seen any intrepid time travelers
popping into and out of our world--
at least, most people don't think we have--
so it's probably safe to assume that time travel to the past
just isn't possible, at least not yet.
But since the math hasn't yet ruled it out,
we can't dismiss time travel to the past entirely.
PHILLIPS: So it's not at all clear
that it could ever be a practical reality,
but at least in principle, it doesn't seem to be forbidden.
My guess is that it's impossible,
but it's striking that we still haven't been able
to rigorously prove that.
GREENE: While it seems likely that traveling to the past
is out of reach,
what about the fact, so common to our everyday experience,
that time itself seems to move in only one direction...
toward the future?
We call this the arrow of time.
CARROLL: The arrow of time
is probably the most blatant fact
about the universe we live in
that we don't completely understand.
Why we live in a universe that has a directionality to time
is a mystery.
JOSEPH LYKKEN: This is not true of space.
In space, I can go from New York to Chicago
and then I can change my mind and go from Chicago to New York.
So there is a one-way aspect to time
that we don't understand at a fundamental level.
PHILLIPS: Why doesn't it go backwards?
What does it even mean
that time goes forward from the past into the future?
GREENE: So what can we say about where the arrow of time comes from?
Why do we only see events unfold in one direction?
Why don't we ever see them happen in reverse order?
Well, it must be the laws of physics.
I mean, surely they don't allow something like this to happen.
Well, actually they do.
The laws of physics
are the mathematical equations we use to describe everything
from the behavior of atoms to the swirl of galaxies.
They've been devised and confirmed
through centuries of observation and experiment.
But surprisingly, there's nothing in the laws of physics
that says events have to unfold through the familiar sequence
we call "forward in time."
According to these equations,
events could just as well unfold in reverse order.
GATES: Most of the equations we use
to describe what we see in the universe around us
don't have an arrow of time attached to them.
They're equations that work equally well
moving forward in time or moving backwards in time.
There's this contradiction between the physics,
which seems fundamentally reversible,
and so much of our life that seems irreversible.
GREENE: Though it flies in the face of everyday experience,
the laws of physics actually say
bizarre things like these are possible.
But how could this be?
Well, the answer is not as far-fetched as you might think.
Here's why.
We all know what will happen if I drop this glass of wine.
Now, the idea that this mess could somehow reverse itself
and form back into a solid glass filled with wine seems absurd.
But according to the laws of physics, this can happen.
All I need to do is reverse the velocities of everything.
Every piece of glass, every drop of wine,
every molecule and atom in the liquid, glass, table, and air.
Just reverse all their velocities
and... voilàà!
So if the laws of physics
don't care about whether glasses shatter or unshatter,
why don't we ever see them unshatter?
How can we square the laws of physics
with our everyday experience?
Something must be missing in our understanding.
But what?
What's responsible for the arrow of time?
(wolf howling)
Like many good mysteries,
this one leads us to a graveyard in our search for clues.
In Vienna, near the final resting places
of Beethoven, Brahms, Schubert, and Strauss,
is 19th-century Austrian physicist
Ludwig Boltzmann's tombstone.
Etched on top is an elegant equation: S=klogW.
It's the mathematical formulation
of a powerful concept known as entropy.
Entropy is a measure of something
that we're all familiar with: disorder, or randomness.
And it's an important idea because there's a tendency
of everything in the universe to move from order to disorder.
Here's a way to get a feel for the idea.
Take my book.
All 569 pages of it.
It's very ordered,
with the first page followed by the second,
followed by the third and so on.
But now let's tear the pages out and let entropy go to work.
As you can see, the pages become very disordered.
And the reason is simple:
There is only one way for them to land in order,
but a huge number of ways for them to land out of order,
and so it's much more likely
that they'll land in a total mess.
And this is what we experience in our daily lives:
things move from order to disorder.
In this case, from a neat, ordered book
to pages that are randomly scattered.
Everywhere we look,
we see examples of entropy, or disorder,
increasing with the passage of time.
An egg breaks and splatters.
Ice cubes lose their orderly shape as they melt into water.
Billowing smoke becomes increasingly disordered.
GATES: Ordered states become disordered states,
and that appears to be, perhaps,
the direction of an arrow of time.
We see sort of degrees of messiness.
A measure of disorder tends to increase
in one direction of time.
And so that, for Boltzmann, begins to create an arc of time.
GREENE: So maybe this is the answer.
Maybe the arrow of time comes from the tendency of nature
to evolve toward ever greater disorder.
This sure seems like progress,
but there's just one small problem with this reasoning:
because the laws of physics
don't distinguish between the future and the past,
entropy should increase not only toward the future
but also toward the past.
And that makes no sense.
KAISER: That's like saying that entropy should increase
in either direction that we look.
We could look backwards in time and it should increase,
we could look forwards in time and it should increase.
GREENE: That would mean the pages of my book in the past
would be disordered and then come together
to form the neat, ordered book in my hands.
And when's the last time you saw something like that happen?
How could our everyday experience be so at odds
with the laws of physics?
There must be a piece of the puzzle that's missing.
If we're sure the past had to be more ordered
and that everything tends toward disorder
as the equations of entropy tell us,
is there something else besides the laws of physics
that might explain this?
Well, think of hitting a baseball.
The laws of physics can help you predict where it will land.
But those laws are not the only things you need.
Run the film backward
and you can see that you also need the initial conditions,
like how hard the ball was hit.
Similarly, if the laws of physics
can't give us an explanation for the arrow of time,
maybe we need to look further
to the initial conditions of the universe.
That brings our attention back to the Big Bang.
If the history of the universe were like a movie
and you ran it backwards,
you'd see an increase in order the further back in time you go.
Gradually, today's universe,
with billions of galaxies clumped here and there,
would turn back into clouds of gas and dust
as everything contracts.
CARROLL: So these clouds of gas and dust
move closer and closer to each other
so that if you get far enough into the past,
they're squeezed into a smaller and smaller volume.
We have now come to the place where the buck finally stops.
If this represents all of space at each moment of time,
then we can see there simply isn't any more space and time
before this single moment.
So the ultimate source of order, of low entropy,
must be the very beginning of the universe: the Big Bang.
GATES: The Big Bang is a highly ordered state.
It's probably the most ordered event
in all of physics.
And so, everything that has come after that
has been an increase in disorder.
KAISER: What the Big Bang gives us
is a reason why the universe might look different
when we look backwards in time versus forward.
Moreover, when we go back to early times,
the universe should have looked not just different from today
but highly ordered.
CARROLL: Why was the entropy low?
We don't know.
But at least we know that there was a point
that the universe began in when the entropy was low.
GREENE: So our best understanding is that the Big Bang
is what set the arrow of time on its path.
You can picture this as something like a wind-up clock.
Just as the stored energy of a tightly wound clock
is released as it unwinds,
the universe has been unwinding since the Big Bang,
becoming ever more disordered.
TEGMARK: Our universe started out in a very unusually orderly state,
and that's ultimately responsible
for the fact that time seems to have a direction.
GREENE: We don't yet know why our universe began
in a highly ordered state,
but the fact that it did
means that every time a glass shatters,
it's actually carrying forward something set in motion
billions of years ago.
The glass breaks but doesn't unbreak
because it's following the natural drive
from order to disorder that began with the Big Bang.
CARROLL: We only ever move from the past to the future.
And everything we see around us, all the changes,
from the formation of stars to our lives,
is all little epiphenomena, surfers riding the wave
of increasing disorganization in the universe
that defines the difference between the past and the future.
So the Big Bang may have stamped
the arrow of time on our universe,
and everything that has happened since may simply be the drive
toward ever greater disorder that began with that event
13.7 billion years ago.
But if time had a beginning
and disorder is always increasing,
does that mean that time will have an end?
What will the universe be like in the far, far future?
Recent discoveries are shedding new light on this question.
The explosive force of the Big Bang
sent space hurtling outward.
And as a result, the universe is still expanding today.
Until recently,
most people thought that expansion must be slowing down.
That is, we thought of space, filled with galaxies,
as kind of like a car traveling down a highway.
RADIO ANNOUNCER: You're listening to WUNI, the stellar sounds of the cosmos.
GREENE: If the driver takes his foot off the gas,
the car gradually slows down.
Similarly, we thought the universe was expanding,
but at a slower and slower rate.
But surprisingly, astronomers found
the expansion of the universe is not slowing down.
It's accelerating.
It's as if someone's not taking their foot off the gas pedal,
but stepping on it, causing a turbo booster to kick in.
And that's making the expansion of the universe
speed up more and more.
KAISER: Our expansion will keep accelerating in the future,
not slow down.
It goes against everything
we had kind of gotten used to thinking about.
GREENE: This has some very strange implications for the future.
Because the expansion of our universe is accelerating,
in the far future, after 100 billion years or so,
all of the other distant galaxies
will have hurtled out of sight from us.
It will appear as if our galaxy were in the middle of nothing.
A surprising outcome is that our descendants
will be at a terrible loss.
Light from distant galaxies has to travel so far to reach us
that when we look out at them,
we're actually looking back in time.
So in the far future,
when those distant galaxies are no longer visible,
astronomers will find that the past, in cosmic terms,
is out of reach.
And as for the end of time,
one theory suggests that eventually,
black holes will dominate the cosmos.
Then, they too will evaporate,
leaving nothing but random particles
drifting through space.
LEVIN: In a far distant future where everything has decayed
and everything's just sort of smoothed out,
there's no change.
And without change, we don't really have a clear notion
of the passage of time.
If you don't have events happening,
then it's hard to see how you would even imagine
that there was time.
You can't even tell which direction of time is forward
and which is backward.
In a very real sense,
time itself will one day lose its meaning.
GREENE: About 350 years ago,
Isaac Newton, who was one of the first
to think about time scientifically,
wrote that he did not need to define time
because it is something "well-known to all."
But in trying to square
our experience of time with the true nature of time,
we've been forced to challenge
some of our most deeply-held beliefs.
We now know that in every event
that goes from order to disorder,
there's a link to the Big Bang itself,
giving us the arrow of time.
The common-sense notion that one true time governs the universe
has given way to a picture in which time is different
for each and every one of us.
And the flow of time,
which seems to us as real as the flow of a river,
may be nothing more than an illusion.
Past, present, and future may all exist on equal footing.
Our everyday experience of time
will always exert a powerful influence.
We will continue to imagine that time is universal,
that the past is gone, that the future is yet to be.
But because of our scientific discoveries,
we can also look beyond experience
and recognize that we are part of a far richer
and far stranger reality.
On Captioned by Media Access Group at WGBH access.wgbh.org
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